SETI has announced the development of the Extended SETI (E-SETI) for the search for extraterrestrial life beyond the limits of the conventional SETI.

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SETI has announced the development of the Extended SETI (E-SETI) for the search for extraterrestrial life beyond the limits of the conventional SETI.

Today, Novemeber 22th, 2021, SETI has announced the development of the Extended SETI (E-SETI) for the search for extraterrestrial life beyond the limits of the conventional SETI.

The concept for the project was originated in 2010 by the researchers of the SETI Institute.

"I wanted to search in the domain of 100 light years. At that distance from Earth, even if life exists on other planets, we should be able to detect it. This was the first idea of searching in this domain" - Dr. Frank Drake, a pioneer of SETI.

Novemeber 22th, 2017, First demonstration of a search of the SETI Institute on the first demonstration of the E-SETI concept at the Arecibo Observatory on the "Breakthrough Listen" campaign.

Dr. Steven Dick noted that the search in the domain of 100 light years provides a unique opportunity to search for signs of life in the Milky Way.

The search of SETI Institute for extraterrestrial civilizations of various type and the search for traces of life at the radio frequency band will be performed on the basis of a concept of the E-SETI: a search for signs of life on the radio frequency band in the domain of 100 light years from Earth and around the Milky Way.

On December, 13th, 2014, the SETI Institute held the first SETI workshop dedicated to the concepts of “E-SETI” and in September, 2015, at the Arecibo Observatory was completed the first scientific demonstration of the E-SETI concept.

It was determined to apply the E-SETI concepts for searching for signs of extraterrestrial civilizations (SETI) of various type, including radio SETI (on the radio frequency band) and space SETI (on the sub-millimetre and optical frequency bands) in the domain of 100 light years from Earth and around the Milky Way.

At the second SETI workshop in February, 2016, the first research results of the E-SETI were presented, these research results included a theoretical demonstration of the E-SETI by a research of the interstellar communication on the sub-millimetre frequency band and a project of development and testing of new instruments (such as a sub-millimetre telescope, two infrared SETI receivers and a laser transmitter).

The search for signs of extraterrestrial life and space SETI experiments are performed using the Arecibo Observatory, that was established in 1974 as the first of a chain of radio telescopes in the United States.

This telescope has the most powerful sub-millimetre receiver in the world (an aperture of 17 meters). The receiver is located in the so-called Arecibo Research Facility (ARF).

The Arecibo Observatory is located in Puerto Rico, USA. Since its creation, the E-SETI project has its office in the Arecibo Observatory research facility, where one of the scientists - Alexander Zaitsev - is a regular member of the E-SETI Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC).

As of August, 2016 the E-SETI project team consists of 20 scientists and scientific members.

Project results

In 2016, the team began observing interstellar transmissions at the sub-millimetre wavelength, and published a paper with their first results, in which it was found that the interstellar communications are carried out in two ways: with a pulse code modulation with a duration of 0.35 microseconds, and the so-called “wedge-shaped” communications with a duration of 3-15 microseconds. Both patterns have different characteristics: the duration of the first one - according to the researchers - allows one to make conclusions about the speed of the communicating agent, while the second allows one to estimate the size of the communicating agent. In August, 2017 it became known that the transmission of the wedge-shaped pattern (the so-called “Morse code”) consists of just three sequences of “one” and “zero”. The “one” and “zero” are also known as a binary code. Scientists also managed to decode the “Morse code” as binary code and find out that the communicating object was composed of 14.5 tonnes. The scientists were also able to extract a portion of the pattern, and to decipher it with the help of the first results of the researchers’ observations.

The results of the E-SETI observations were published in the journal, Astronomy & Astrophysics, in August, 2017.

Scientific advisory committee
The E-SETI project is managed by the SETI Institute and supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Office of Naval Research (ONR). The project team is also working with the SETI Institute scientific advisory committee. The scientists involved in the E-SETI project have participated in various discussions and scientific seminars in order to share their research results. The advisory committee members also participate in scientific discussions, seminars and workshops on specific topics. The E-SETI project scientists take part in the International Academy of Astronautics Committee on Space Data Network (CIACSDN) and the International Astronomical Union (IAU) committees. Moreover, the team is a member of the International Society for Planetary SETI (ISPS), and also represents the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA).

The E-SETI advisory committee consists of the following scientists:

Carl Sagan, professor, historian, and astronomer, former director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
John Krolik, astronomer, astrophysicist, and astrophysics professor at the University of California at Santa Cruz
Seth Shostak, senior astronomer and SETI program manager at the SETI Institute
Michael Siegel, astronomer and physicist at the SETI Institute
Jerry Nelson, former astronomer and producer for the NBC news program, “Nightly News”

The E-SETI advisory committee reviews project progress and comments on the scientific content of the research projects.

Collaborative research

The E-SETI project has several academic collaborators, including the SETI Institute. Scientists at the SETI Institute are involved in various aspects of the E-SETI project. In particular, the SETI Institute team works with researchers at UC-Davis and UCLA, which have developed technologies and software needed to conduct the E-SETI searches. Furthermore, scientists from the SETI Institute and researchers at University of California at Santa Cruz are working on an instrument to detect radio-frequency signals.

The team also works with the Center for Gravitation and Cosmology (CGRC) at the University of Pennsylvania, which is developing technologies to identify and detect near-Earth objects (NEO). Additionally, the team works with the MIT-based Center for Astrobiology (CfA). At the time the project was formed, the CfA team was working to develop the software needed to analyze images taken from the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite.

Notable discoveries
On July 11, 2015, UC-Berkley scientists announced a candidate signal that had been found using the E-SETI Project. The signal was discovered by scanning for artificial radio-frequency (RF) signals using data taken from the Arecibo Observatory and the Green Bank Telescope (GBT). This was the first time a SETI signal had been located using the E-SETI Project.

On August 20, 2015, UC-Davis scientists announced the discovery of the first confirmed signal of extraterrestrial origin. The signal was discovered using data taken from the SETI project and the University of California-Davis Radio Astronomy Observatory, which had been searching for an alien spacecraft signal since 2010.

On December 17, 2016, scientists announced the discovery of the "first strong candidate" signal using the "alien megastructure search" approach, which was based on the Arecibo observatory's detection of radio emissions caused by a planetary body. The object's radio emission was consistent with a distant, massive, planet-sized body, which the researchers determined would have to be much more massive than Jupiter, in order to account for the amount of energy generated.

On January 16, 2019, a team of astronomers based at Leiden Observatory announced the detection of a radio signal from an object in the direction of the Milky Way galaxy. They found that the object was likely made up of material similar to that which is found on Earth.

On April 30, 2019, UC-Berkley scientists announced that they had discovered a candidate extraterrestrial object, which is a rocky body about 1.6 times the mass of Earth, within 100,000 light-years of the Earth. The object, which is approximately 20 kilometers in size, has been nicknamed "Oumuamua."

List of potential signals

A real, or extraterrestrial object that creates radio waves (or other electromagnetic radiation) that might confuse or fool a SETI search.

See also
List of hypothetical planets

References

Further reading
SETI: Exploring the Unknown by Martin Jenniskens. New York, USA: Copernicus Books, 2010. .

A Spacecraft Radio Telescope Designed for SETI and Other Astronomical Discovery. SETI Institute Press, 2009.
The Science of Interstellar Communication by Robert L. Forward, pp. 32–33. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Seti@home. Berkeley, USA: Department of Physics, University of California, 2001.

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